The Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem

In the mid-11th century, a Benedictine abbey was established in Jerusalem by merchants from Amalfi. About 30 years later, a hospital was founded next to the abbey to care for sick and poor pilgrims. After the success of the First Crusade  in 1099, Brother Gerard (or Gerald), the hospitals superior, expanded the hospital and set up additional hospitals along the route to the Holy Land. On February 15, 1113, the order was formally named the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem and recognized in a papal bull issued by Pope Paschal II. The Knights  Hospitaller were also known as Hospitalers, the Order of Malta, the Knights of Malta. From 1113 to 1309 they were known as the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem; from 1309 to 1522 they went by the Order of the Knights of Rhodes; from 1530 to 1798 they were the Sovereign and Military Order of the Knights of Malta; from 1834 to 1961 they were the Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem; and from 1961 to the present they are formally known as the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta. Hospitaller Knights In 1120, Raymond de Puy (a.k.a. Raymond of Provence) succeeded Gerard as leader of the order. He replaced the Benedictine Rule with the Augustinian Rule and actively began to build up the orders power base, helping the organization to acquire lands and wealth. Possibly inspired by the Templars, the Hospitallers began to take up arms in order to protect pilgrims as well as tend their illnesses and injuries. Hospitaller Knights were still monks and continued to follow their vows of personal poverty, obedience, and celibacy. The order also included chaplains and brothers who did not take up arms. Relocations of the Hospitallers The shifting fortunes of the western Crusaders would also affect the Hospitallers. In 1187, when Saladin captured Jerusalem, the Hospitaller Knights moved their headquarters to Margat, then to Acre ten years later. With the fall of Acre in 1291 they moved to Limassol in Cyprus. The Knights of Rhodes In 1309 the Hospitallers acquired the island of Rhodes. The grand master of the order, who was elected for life (if confirmed by the pope), ruled Rhodes as an independent state, minting coins and exercising other rights of sovereignty. When the Knights of the Temple were dispersed, some surviving Templars joined the ranks at Rhodes. The knights were now more warrior than hospitaller, though they remained a monastic brotherhood. Their activities included naval warfare; they armed ships and set off after Muslim pirates, and took revenge on Turkish merchants with piracy of their own. The Knights of Malta In 1522 the Hospitaller control of Rhodes came to an end with a six-month siege by Turkish leader Suleyman the Magnificent. The Knights capitulated on January 1, 1523, and left the island with those citizens who chose to accompany them. The Hospitallers were without a base until 1530, when Holy Roman emperor Charles V arranged for them to occupy the Maltese archipelago. Their presence was conditional; the most notable agreement was the presentation of a falcon to the emperors viceroy of Sicily every year. In 1565, grand master Jean Parisot de la Valette exhibited superb leadership when he stopped Suleyman the Magnificent from dislodging the Knights from their Maltese headquarters. Six years later, in 1571, a combined fleet of the Knights of Malta and several European powers virtually destroyed the Turkish navy at the Battle of Lepanto. The Knights built a new capital of Malta in honor of la Valette, which they named Valetta, where they constructed grand defenses and a hospital that attracted patients from far beyond Malta. The Last Relocation of the Knights Hospitaller The Hospitallers had returned to their original purpose. Over the centuries they gradually gave up warfare in favor of medical care and territorial administration. Then, in 1798, they lost Malta  when Napoleon  occupied the island on the way to Egypt. For a short time they returned under the auspices of the Treaty of Amiens (1802), but when the 1814 Treaty of Paris gave the archipelago to Britain, the Hospitallers left once more. They at last settled permanently in Rome in 1834. Membership of the Knights Hospitaller Although nobility was not required to join the monastic order, it was required to be a Hospitaller Knight. As time went on this requirement grew more strict, from proving nobility of both parents to that of all grandparents for four generations. A variety of knightly classifications evolved to accommodate lesser knights and those who gave up their vows to marry, yet remained affiliated with the order. Today, only Roman Catholics may become Hospitallers, and the governing knights must prove the nobility of their four grandparents for two centuries. The Hospitallers Today After 1805 the order was led by lieutenants until the office of Grand Master was restored by Pope Leo XIII in 1879. In 1961 a new constitution was adopted in which the orders religious and the sovereign status was precisely defined. Although the order no longer governs any territory, it does issue passports, and it is recognized as a sovereign nation by the Vatican and some Catholic European nations.

The Current State on Russian Orphans Essay - 601 Words

Every year approximately one thousand Russian orphans are adopted by American couples. As of early 2012, President Vladmir Putin has called for a ban on all Americans adopting Russian children. Due to intense relations between America and Russia and the increasing death and illness rate of Russian children living in America, Russian officials have ceased adoption by American couples. By denying access to Russian orphans, the government is bound to cause an increase in children with mental disease and possibly prevent these children from prospering for their future. In 2008 the first incident of an adopted Russians death occurred. Dima Yakovlev, or otherwise known as Chase Harrison passed after his father had accidentally left him in the†¦show more content†¦Along with the neglect that is pressed upon the children, the abuse rates in these homes are very high. Many reports of abuse and even death have been brought to the media’s attention over the past few years. One popular case was of two nurses that came home to the orphanage after a night of drinking to crying little ones. In an attempt to muffle the sounds of the cries the two women stuffed one child into a tub with a blanket over him. The other ones were stuffed in covers and put into a closet. It was not until the next morning when the next crew came in that the three children were found. Two had severe injuries afterward and one child, the youngest died. Because of harsh relationships between Russia and many other countries the Russian government has put a ban on all adoptions by many other countries. Due to the use of children as a political tool, many ethical and moral values and rights are being broken by Russian officials. Not only is this immoral to couples who wish to adopt these children but to the children themselves as well. By preventing foreign couples from adopting these children, the Russian government is holding back the orphans from a better life. 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Project Management Techniques Edapp Inc

Question: Describe about the Project Management Techniques of Edapp Inc? Answer: Introduction: Development of project charter not only enables a team to identify the required resources but it also provides information regarding the risks associated with a project (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin, 2014). In this assignment project charter for a music education app development project is created. 1. Project overview: 1.1 Background: Nature of the traditional education system is changing. Current trends of teaching methods indicate that the use of mobile apps increased for teaching children. The current project deals with development of android apps for Edapp Inc. Edapp Inc is a fast growing organisation in educational app market. Although conventional android apps are highly available in market, these apps cannot meet requirements of all students. Analysis on the learning ability of children indicates that music can boost their learning abilities. Music can enhance the learning abilities of children who are suffering from autism, cerebral palsy and Down syndrome. Due to change in the teaching methods, requirement of music based apps is increasing .However music educational apps are not available in market. Launching of such apps can be effective for new market development of Eduapp Inc. In this project two music based apps will be developed using scrum programming approach. Two teams of programmers are developed for executing the tasks related with project planning and app development. One of these apps will be developed facilitate children for learning mathematics and language using music. Another app will be developed for children who have any disabilities for learning. As successful completion of the project got the highest priority to management, budget of $310000 has been allocated for it. The project requires being completed within 4 months. 1.2 Problem statement: Although launching of new music education apps will be effective for new market development, the project team can face several challenges for developing such apps. Currently the management modified their marketing strategies .The organisation is now trying to enter into the markets of business training education and 3D mathematics app development. As the required skills for developing traditional mathematics education app and business training apps are different, the organisation also changed their recruitment strategies in order to implement new marketing strategies. Currently most of the employees in Eduapp Inc have abilities to develop apps for the new target market. However some managers of the organisation have different views regarding the new marketing strategies of Eduapp and Inc and these managers are willing to work for conventional app development. As all the managers have not agreed with the new marketing strategies, the project team may face problems related with lack of collaboration. It may restrict the team from completing the project successfully. The project of developing music education apps will be undertaken using SCRUM programming approach. Ghapanchi et al. (2014) opines that use of scrum approach enables the project team to meet any sudden change of customers requirements. Juricek, (2014) also states that teams which are using SCRUM approach for competing project requires conducting face to face meeting regularly for enhancing effectiveness of the approach. Use of SCRUM approach enables a team to optimize their skills for completing a project even if all the problems related with the project are not understood completely. Lack of collaboration within the organisation may restrict the project teams to implement SCRUM approach efficiently. Analysis of the requirements for proposed music apps indicates that a music specialist consultant and special education teacher will be needed. Apart from this, six developers require being hired for the project team. Unavailability of skilled member can increase difficulty for completio n of the project. 1.3 Project vision: For Who The Is a That Children with normal learning abilities and children with learning disabilities The project is being undertaken to increase the number of customers in mathematics and language education sector. Music Education App It is special app for enhancing learning abilities of children by using music The app will also be used for increasing learning abilities of children who are suffering from down syndrome or autism Users of this app will be able to boost their mathematics and language learning abilities by using Music. Children suffering from various diseases will be benefitted as they will get assistance to reduce difficulties for physical growth and learning. As the nature of conventional teaching method is changing, it is expected that parents will buy these apps for improving skills of their children. Table 1: Vision of Music app development project 1.4 Success Criteria: On successful completion of the project two music education apps will be developed within time and budget. As SCRUM approach is being used for the project, it is expected that the team will be able to identify any changes in the customer requirement. Use of SCRUM approach also ensures that the proposed apps will be able to meet the requirements of its target customer. As the competition is increasing in traditional education app market, Eduapp Inc is changing their marketing policies. Launching of new app will also be beneficial for the organisation to attain competitive advantage in traditional app development market. 1.5 Project approach /Development process: The app development project will be conducted using SCRUM approach. The proposed apps will be developed for being used by educators and parents for improving the skills. The task of identifying all problems regarding education and learning abilities is difficult due to high variety of learning problems among children. Use of SCRUM approach will enable the project team for understanding and responding quickly to any changes in customer requirements. Use of scrum approach is effective for completing the tasks into several sprints (Niemann et al., 2014). Use of sprints will reduce the complexity for project scheduling. Use of scrum approach provides flexibility for setting the sequence of tasks. In this project two teams are working. Use of scrum methodology will allow them to set their own schedules and thus the chance of timely project completion increases. 2. Project plan: 2.1 Scope: Analysis of project scope enables the team to identify the key deliverables of the project (Sadabad and Kama, 2014). Schwalbe, (2014) opines that scope analysis also provides idea regarding the resource requirements for a project. In Scope: Release Priority Story# Story name Description 10 th March High On 10 th march the prototypes of proposed apps will be delivered Releasing prototype of both music education apps The products delivered on 10th March will be developed on basis of the primary designs of proposed music education apps 15 th April High On 15 th April the final designs of proposed apps will be delivered Releasing final models of both music education apps The products delivered on 15th April will be developed on basis of the modified designs of proposed music education apps. The primary designs of these apps will be modified according to the findings of alpha test. Table 2: Scope of Music app development project Out of scope: The current project deals with only designing and development of music based education apps. These apps will be launched in market by Eduapp Inc. The project team is not responsible for conducting any marketing or promotional activities for these apps. However, the project team will be responsible for further development and modification for the app in future if required. 2.2 Related projects or systems: Eduapp Inc is one of the fastest growing android application providers in education sector. Products of the organisation include android applications for Mathematics and Science games. The current project is being undertaken to acquire new customer group in the existing market of Eduapp. Although the proposed apps contain new features, these apps will also be used for teaching children. It indicates that these proposed music education apps are modification of the existing Mathematics and Science games app. Management of the organisation is also focusing on ne market development. The organisation will undertake 3D mathematics app development projects as a part of their future marketing strategies. Although all the projects will deliver different products, these projects are interrelated with each other. Related projects Interrelations Mathematics and Science games projects of Eduapp Mathematics and Science games apps of Eduapp are effective to providing assistance to the learning process of children. The new project can be considered as modification of these existing apps. It indicates that the new project team can use resources of existing app development project. 3D mathematics app development Eduapp Inc are focusing on mathematics app development project as a part of their future market development. Although the proposed apps will not use 3D designing, views of the 3D mathematics app project team can be used for making the design of proposed music education app more attractive. Table 3: Interrelations among projects of Eduapp Inc Table 3 reflects that the project of music education app development project is interrelated with Mathematics and Science games projects and 3D mathematics app development project of Eduapp. Members of the current project team to make the can take help from the members of these projects music apps more effective. 2.3 Project participants: Role Name Organisation Business sponsor Seely Booth and Temparance Brennan Eduapp Inc Project owner Camellie Saroyan Eduapp Inc Business process Owner Lance Sweets Eduapp Inc Subject matter experts Jack Hodgins Eduapp Inc Stakeholders Members of project team Children Eduapp Inc Project manager Me Eduapp Inc Business analyst John Smith and Zack Addy Eduapp Inc Table 4: Participants of music education app development project 3. Constraints, assumptions risks: 3.1 Constraints: Constraints Impact Infrastructure of existing mathematics and language app development projects Use of existing infrastructure will reduce cost of apps SCRUM approach for developing apps Flexibility for task scheduling Working in iterations Identification of any change in requirements Quick response to the problems which will occur during project Table 5: Participants of music education app development project 3.2 Assumptions: Before starting the project some assumptions were made. Assumptions facilitate the project team to reduce complexity for project planning (Baumeister and Weber, 2013). Assumption 1: Music education apps will be accepted by customers As the availability of music based educational apps is low, it is assumed that the demand of proposed apps will be high. However, design of these new apps may not meet requirements of target customers and thus launching of new apps may not be effective. Assumption 2: the project will be completed within time and will not require any extra budget allocation It is assumed that the project will be undertaken in uninterrupted manner and thus it will be completed within time. Resources which will be required for completing the project are identified before starting. It is also assumed that no extra resources will be required and thus the budget will not increase. The project team will include music specialist consultant and special education teacher. Remunerations of these professionals will be decided on basis of negotiation. It is also assumed that pay rates of these professionals will be affordable to the project team. Assumption 3: Assistance from other project teams will be available whenever needed As the music education app development project is being undertaken for Eduapp Inc, It is assumed that other project teams of the organisation will be able to assist music education app project team. However assistance from other teams may not be obtained as some managers opposed the development of music based apps. 3.3 Dependencies: Although the current project is a part of Eduapp Inc, successful completion of the project is dependent on tasks done by app developers, music specialist consultant and special education teacher. Dependency on app developers: In this project app developers will be responsible for project planning and designing two apps. Quality of the developed applications is dependent on the tasks executed by developers. Timely completion of the project also depends on the planning of developers. Dependency on music specialist consultant: As the new apps will be aim at teaching students using music, the role of music specialist consultant is important for development of the product. Effectiveness of the app depends on use of music for improving learning abilities of children. It indicates that the quality of app depends on music specialist consultant. Dependency on special education teacher: One of the two proposed apps will aim at reducing learning difficulties of children who are suffering from various diseases. Usefulness of this app depends on the tasks executed by special education teacher. 3.4 Risks: Risks Mitigation strategy Insufficient resource estimation Revising estimation of required resources Unavailability of members Members of previous projects in Eduapp will be used Failure to complete the project on time Mile stones for the project will be developed in advance to reduce the risks related with failing timely project completion Reduced demand of the apps If the apps fail to fulfil requirements of customers, profitability of the project will reduce Table 6: Risks associated with music education app development project Insufficient resource estimation: Although required resources are estimated before starting the project, inefficient estimation can interrupt the project (Acharya, 2013). Inefficient estimation of required resources will lead to increase in budget. Interruption in project works may also restrict it project from being completed within time. This risk can be reduced by revising the estimation. Unavailability of members: As the recruitment policies of Eduapp Inc have been changed management of the organisation hired people who are able to develop 3D apps or business training apps. Although the project manager is allowed to develop own team, lack of skilled developers may cause difficulty for completing the project. However the organisation previously developed projects on science and mathematics games. Members of these teams can be hired to fill the vacancies. Failure to complete the project on time: Execution of the tasks can be interrupted due to unavailability of staffs and other resources. Milestones of the project will be developed in advance to reduce the chances of delay in projects. The teams will be allowed to set their own plans for ensuring completion of the project on time. 3.5 Time line estimate Date Mile stone Deliverables 15 th January 2015 Finalizing features of the apps Primary design of the apps 15 th February Completion of the app for children without learning difficulties Prototype of the app 1st March Completion of the app for children with learning difficulties Prototype of the app 10 th March Testing of Both apps Identification of drawbacks with in both apps 15 th March Second testing of both apps Identification of issues 15 th April Final design of apps Delivering apps which are ready to be launched in market. Table 7: Milestones and deliverables for music education app development project Conclusion: Project charter made in this assignment indicates that successful development of the music based educational applications can be restricted by unavailability of staffs and changing nature of target customers. Such risks can be mitigated by using SCRUM approach for developing proposed applications. References Acharya, S. (2013). Test-Driven Development with Mockito. Packt Publishing. Baumeister, H. and Weber, B. (2013). Agile processes in software engineering and extreme programming. Berlin: Springer. Dinsmore, P. and Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2014). The AMA Handbook of Project Management. New York: AMACOM. Ghapanchi, A., Wohlin, C. and Aurum, A. (2014). Resources contributing to gaining competitive advantage for open source software projects: An application of resource-based theory. International Journal of Project Management, 32(1), pp.139-152. Juricek, J. (2014). Agile Project Management Principles. LNSE, pp.172-175. Niemann, H., Moehrle, M. and Meyer, M. (2014). Project Management-Related Software Systems and Their Legal Protection: Emergence, Distribution, and Relevance of Business Method Patents. Project Management Journal, 45(1), pp.38-54. Sadabad, A. and Kama, N. (2014). Action Driven Decision Modeling Framework towards Formulating Software Project Management Tacit Knowledge. Journal of Software, 9(9). Schwalbe, K. (2014). Information technology project management. Boston, MA: Course Technology.

Phonemic Awareness free essay sample

Phonemic awareness is not phonics. Phonemic awareness is an understanding about spoken language. Children who are phonemically aware can tell the teacher that bat is the word the teacher is representing by saying the three separate sounds in the word. They can tell you all the sounds in the spoken word dog. They can tell you that, if you take the last sound off cart you would have car. Phonics on the other hand, is knowing the relation between specific, printed letters (including combinations of letters) and specific, spoken sounds. You are asking children to show their phonics knowledge when you ask them which letter make the first sound in bat or dog or the last sound in car or cart. The phonemic awareness tasks that have predicted successful reading are tasks that demand that children attend to spoken language, not tasks that simply ask students to name letters or tell which letters make which sounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Phonemic Awareness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Recent longitudinal studies of reading acquisition have demonstrated that the acquisition of phonemic awareness is highly predictive of success in learning to read in particular of successful reading acquisition. Programs for teaching phonics often emphasize rules rather than patterns and focus on separate sounds, called phonemes. In contrast, the most effective and efficient phonics instruction focuses childrens attention on noticing letter/sound patterns in the major components of syllables: that is, on noticing the letter/sound patterns in initial consonants and consonant clusters and in the rime, which consists of the vowel of a syllable plus any following consonants, such as -ake, -ent, -ish, -ook (Moustafa, 1996). Conventional blending and segmentation instruction improves the ability to manipulate phonemes. When instruction emphasizes phoneme manipulations, children learned what they were taught. In contrast, teaching beginners about phoneme identities does not seem to enhance phoneme manipulation skill. Kindergarten children with explicit instruction in phonemic awareness did better than a group of first graders who had no instruction, indicating that this crucial pre-skill for reading can be taught at least by five and is not developmental (Cunningham). Precursory phonological awareness skills such as rhyming and alliteration can emerge in informal contexts before school and are seen in young children who can neither read nor spell (Snow, 1991; van Kleeck, 1990). A general order for the emergence of phonological awareness abilities begins with rhyming and alliteration; segmenting sentences into words; followed by segmenting words into syllables; followed by segmenting words into phonemes. Fox Routh; Ehri, Holden MacGinities; Huttenlocher; Liberman; Liberman, Shankweiler, Fisher Carter) Phonemic awareness alone is not sufficient. Explicit, systematic instruction in common sound-spelling correspondences is also necessary for many children (Adams, 1988; Ball Blackman, 1991; Byrne Fielding-Barnsley, 1990; Foorman et al, in press; Mann, 1993; Rack, Snowling Olson, 1992; Snowling, 1991; Spector, 1995; Stanovich, 1986; Torgeson et al. in press; Vellutino, 1991; Vellutino Scanlon, 1987a; Foorman, Francis, Novy Liberman, 1991. ) Expl icit, systematic instruction in sound-spelling relationships in the classroom was more effective in reducing reading difficulties than a print-rich environment characterized by interesting stories, even with children who had benefited from phonemic awareness instruction in kindergarten. Foorman, Francis, Beerly, Winikates, and Fletcher, in press) Research has established a correlational, if not causal relation between phonological awareness and reading (Eric Sweet, 1991; Mason Allen, 1986; Sulzby Teal, 1991; van Kleeck, 1990) Young childrens awareness of onsets (the initial consonant of a word or syllable) and rimes (everything after the initial consonant in a one-syllable word or in syllables, traditionally referred to as phonograms or word families) is related to success in beginning reading. (Goswami, 1988, 1990; Goswami Bryant, 1994). Effective phonics instruction focuses childrens attention on noticing the letter/sound patterns in initial consonants and consonant clusters and in rimes (the vowel of a syllable, plus any consonants that might follow). Focusing on rimes rather than on vowels alone is particularly important in helping children learn to decode words. (Adams, 1990) Research shows that all proficient readers rely on deep and ready knowledge of spelling-sound correspondence while reading, whether this knowledge was specifically taught or simply inferred by students. Conversely, failure to learn to use spelling/sound correspondences to read and spell words is shown to be the most frequent and debilitating cause of reading difficulty. Many children learn to read without any direct classroom instruction in phonics. But many children, especially children from homes that are not language rich, do need more systematic instruction in word-attack strategies. Well-sequenced phonics instruction early in the first grade has been shown o reduce the incidence of reading difficulty even as it accelerates the growth of the class as a whole. Given this, it is probably better to start all children, most especially in high-poverty areas, with explicit phonics instruction. Such an approach does require continually monitoring childrens progress both to allow those who are progressing quickly to move ahead before they become bored and to ensure that those who are having difficulties get the assistance they need. Sulzby and Teale (1991) noted that while phonological awareness has long been tied to research and practice in the teaching of phonics and other decoding skills, it has been neglected in emergent literacy due to the tendency to view phonological awareness research as traditional and bottom-up theory. The dimensions of phonological awareness are represented by a range of difficulty. From easiest to hardest the range of difficulty is as follows: rhyme, auditory discrimination, phoneme blending, word-to-word matching, sound isolation, phoneme counting, phoneme segmentation, and phoneme deletion. Yopp, 1988) Young children are competent at analyzing spoken words into onsets and rimes but not into phonemes when onsets or rimes consist of more than one phoneme. (Calfee, 1977; Goswami Bryant, 1990; Liberman, et al. , 1974; Treiman, 1983, 1985) Young children who are beginning to read make analogies between familiar and unfamiliar print words to pronounce unfamiliar print words and that the y make these analogies at the onset-rime level rather than at the phonemic level. (Goswami, 1986, 1988) Classroom Implications One of the most important foundations of reading success is phonemic awareness. Phonemes are the basic speech sounds that are represented by the letters of the alphabet, and phonemic awareness is the understanding that words are sequences of phonemes. Phonemic awareness is demonstrated by the ability to identify and manipulate sounds within spoken words. Children can learn to assemble phonemes into words as well as break words into their phonemes even before they are writing letters or words. Giving children experience with rhyming words in the preschool years is an effective first step toward building phonemic awareness. Hearing rhymes, and then producing rhymes for given words, requires children to focus on the sounds inside words. Rhyming activities initiate phonemic awareness. The reading and rereading of books with clear, simple rhymes offer abundant and fun opportunities for direct instruction in rhyming and the beginnings of phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness is an insight about oral language. There is evidence to suggest that the relation between phonemic awareness and learning to read is reciprocal: phonemic awareness supports reading acquisition, and reading instruction and experiences with print facilitate phonemic awareness development. Young childrens awareness of onsets (the initial consonant of a word or syllable) and rimes (everything after the initial consonant in a one-syllable word or in syllables, traditionally referred to as phonograms or word families) is related to success in beginning reading. Therefore children should be taught to identify and manipulate these sound units. Children in kindergarten should be introduced to common phonograms. In addition to building phonemic awareness, providing instruction with phonograms also prepares children for reading words by analogy. Instruction in both phoneme identity and phoneme manipulation are valuable. After the children have caught onto how letters cue the phonemes of spoken words, learning to manipulate phonemes by blending and segmentation manipulations will likely help beginners progress into sequential decoding. Instruction in phoneme identities is likely of greater value than manipulation instruction for children who have not yet demonstrated alphabetic insight. Activities focused on the identities of individual phonemes, which make these phonemes familiar and memorable, and which help children recognize their identities in words could well be incorporated into early literacy programs that contain other activities we know to be helpful in preparing children to read. Phonological awareness and letter recognition contribute to initial reading acquisition by helping children develop efficient word recognition strategies (e. g. , detecting pronunciations and storing associations in memory. ) Children need opportunities to understand and manipulate the building blocks of spoken language.

Free Essays on Real Property Investment

Why do people use real property investment? Investment in property is most important investment instrument in Australia, as you know the richest 200 people ¡Ã‚ ¯s wealth is based on the real property. Although property must be viewed as an illiquid investment because the transfer costs of properties are high and the selling period averages several months, according to steady profit return and low risk, many people buy in property to against currency inflation, and to compensate increasing life expense contrasted to decreasing social security after retirement. How does it work? Negative gearing Gearing basically means borrowing to invest. An investment property that's negatively geared is purchased with a loan that has an annual net rental income amount that is less than the annual interest paid on the loan, plus the deductible expenses associated with maintaining the property. You get tax benefits by being negatively geared as you are able to deduct the costs of owning an investment property from your overall income. The biggest part of this deduction is the interest portion of your mortgage, but you can also claim such expenses as property management fees, loan costs and repairs. Because negative gearing deductions offset your income, they are most beneficial to high-income earners. What this means is the more you borrow, the more interest you pay and the bigger your deduction. While everyone wants a large tax deduction, you shouldn't over commit yourself in order to get one. You still have to make the mortgage payments and those lucrative tax benefits don't arrive until the end of the financial year. In periods of low inflation, the benefits of negative gearing are usually negligible. (Case study: Mr. Bill teaches accounting in TAFE. He is interested in a 2 bedrooms unit in Parramatta, which costs $360,000. His annual salary is $50,000. He gets $376,190 mortgage at 6.29% p.a. from Wizard home loan, calculate how much money ... Free Essays on Real Property Investment Free Essays on Real Property Investment Why do people use real property investment? Investment in property is most important investment instrument in Australia, as you know the richest 200 people ¡Ã‚ ¯s wealth is based on the real property. Although property must be viewed as an illiquid investment because the transfer costs of properties are high and the selling period averages several months, according to steady profit return and low risk, many people buy in property to against currency inflation, and to compensate increasing life expense contrasted to decreasing social security after retirement. How does it work? Negative gearing Gearing basically means borrowing to invest. An investment property that's negatively geared is purchased with a loan that has an annual net rental income amount that is less than the annual interest paid on the loan, plus the deductible expenses associated with maintaining the property. You get tax benefits by being negatively geared as you are able to deduct the costs of owning an investment property from your overall income. The biggest part of this deduction is the interest portion of your mortgage, but you can also claim such expenses as property management fees, loan costs and repairs. Because negative gearing deductions offset your income, they are most beneficial to high-income earners. What this means is the more you borrow, the more interest you pay and the bigger your deduction. While everyone wants a large tax deduction, you shouldn't over commit yourself in order to get one. You still have to make the mortgage payments and those lucrative tax benefits don't arrive until the end of the financial year. In periods of low inflation, the benefits of negative gearing are usually negligible. (Case study: Mr. Bill teaches accounting in TAFE. He is interested in a 2 bedrooms unit in Parramatta, which costs $360,000. His annual salary is $50,000. He gets $376,190 mortgage at 6.29% p.a. from Wizard home loan, calculate how much money ...

The Constitutionality of the Low-Income Tax Credit Changes essays

The Constitutionality of the Low-Income Tax Credit Changes essays Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution says that The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises. The United States Congress chose, by way of the Internal Revenue Act, to create an agency, the IRS, to execute its power to tax. The power of the IRS, however, is limited to those granted to it by Congress. Much like our legal system, the taxpayer is assumed innocent until proven guilty. That is to say, only after they have filed their tax return can the IRS audit, or question their eligibility. The IRS has now overstepped their bounds by changing their requirements for the way tax returns must be filed. Furthermore, they have changed the requirements for only a certain group of people, those filing for the Low-Income Tax Credit. The IRS is now requiring that these individuals provide excessive documents and forms of proof that they are eligible for this type of return. And this is required in advance of their claim, not after an audit, which would normally be the case. A new injustice arises when you consider the fiscal position of the IRS. They insist that these regulations are being passed to lower the loss of taxes due from people falsely claiming the Low-Income Tax Credit. Loss from these false claims is said to be from 6.5 to 10 billion a year, a significant figure. This figure is much less significant, however, when you compare it to the loss in other areas. For example, corporations alone evade around 46 billion a year. And unlike poor Americans, corporations can actually afford to provide the necessary documents of proof. Citizens of lower income are clearly being deprived of the right to life and liberty by a body of government operating outside its stated purpose by the congress. ...

Bloody Sunday Incident Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bloody Sunday Incident - Assignment Example When the public loses trust in its law enforcement system, then it is time to review the principles involved and get them changed. Introduction From 1960 through 1969, the United States experienced numerous changes such as the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the escalation in the Vietnam War, the first landing on the Moon, the rise of the hippy era and notable events in the fight for Civil Rights. One of these Civil Rights events was the walk across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama by 600 Black Americans on Sunday, March 7, 1965. The purpose of the march was to obtain the right for Blacks to vote (Hunter & Barker 2011). The governor of Alabama was George Wallace, who was considered a racist and segregationist. Alabama State Troopers showed up in force and before long, the gathering turned into a bloody confrontation, with the police seen as using excessive force on the group (BBC 2013). A number of people were hospitalized with injuries and the effects of tear g as. The march would later be conducted again on March 28, 1965, this time with Martin Luther King in attendance. 1.The key points for the Bloody Sunday event were that 600 Black Americans conducted a peaceful march over the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama. ... 2. The event occurred in Selma, Alabama, March 7th, 1965 on US Route 80 at the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The protesters were pushed back to the Browns Chapel Methodist Church which was where the march had started from (BBC 2013). 3. The peaceful protesters started from the Browns Chapel Methodist Church and walked along US Route 80 to the Edmund Pettus Bridge. They did not stop anywhere nor did they conduct any illegal actions. Governor Wallace had gotten wind of the fact that there would be a march by the Blacks and called up the State Troopers to meet the protesters and have them disperse and go back home. When the protesters met up with the troopers, they were told to go home or go to church but they would not move. The police, with gas masks on, began moving forward until they reached the first line of protesters (BBC 2013). At that point, the troopers began shoving people backwards and people started falling down. There were also troopers on horseback as well who were wielding wood clubs. Many were beaten, even those that were already down on the ground. At some point, some of the protesters began throwing bricks and bottles at the police in an effort to fight back. A number of people were hurt and put into the hospital (Davis 1999). 4. There were two reasons that this march took place. The first was that the Blacks had been having meetings about conducting a walk over the bridge to fight for the right to vote for Blacks. The second reason for the march was that after a February rally meeting held at one church in Marion, Alabama, when the church goers came out the church, they were attacked by state troopers and one man, Jimmie Lee Jackson, who was trying to protect his mother from being clubbed, was